Carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) concentrations of stem and leaf in the two species were also determined. We investigated plant community characteristics and measured plant functional traits of dominant species (Leymus chinensis and Cleistogenes squarrosa) at individual and population levels. A grazing experiment was conducted in a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia, China. However, it is not yet clear how nutrient reallocation strategies affect plant community structure and functions in grazed grasslands. Nutrient reallocation induced by grazing occurs among different organs, which balances the trade-off between growth and defense. Apart from the specific structure, this chapter focuses on the properties of several transporter families, with a specific attention on transportation of metals.ĭecline in height and aboveground biomass of the plant community are critical indicators of grassland ecosystem degradation. This chapter provides a potential understanding of several putative transporters that are currently believed to be involved in the accumulation and transport of metals and metalloids in plants. These includes NRAMP, CDF, ZIP, ABC, HMAs, NIP, BOR, and Lsi2 transporters. Plants employ various metal and metalloid transporters to maintain intraorganellar homeostasis in order to provide resilience toward their toxicity. Throughout evolution, plants have evolved various ways to deal with biotic and abiotic stressors. Soil pollution is one of the most significant variables because it impacts agricultural output allowing the metals and metalloid ions to permeate the food chain and experience bioaccumulation, resulting in repercussions on health and environmental changes. Metal and metalloid toxic effects are becoming more prevalent around the world, owing mostly to human sources. Plants’ physiochemical functions, for instance, pigment (chlorophyll) production, photosynthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, peptide modifications, oxidation-reduction reaction, carbohydrate metabolism, and nitrification, depend greatly on micro- and macronutrients. In the developing countries, approximately 3.1 billion people reside in remote areas, and 2.5 billion of these people rely on farming for subsistence, which provides 30% to productivity expansion due to the GDP produced from agriculture.
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