The data from previous studies show BCTs, which are used at the surface of the solid ( Boynton & Olson, 1987 Sturges & Whitfield, 1995), to extend over an unbroken area (or what is known in topology as a connected region). ( Kay, Berlin, Maffi, & Merrifield, 1997, p. Since the WCS data contain only hues at maximum available saturation, careful study will be required to decide if and when a ‘desaturated’ term may name an unbroken volume of the color solid. Lack of focus appears to be characteristic of desaturated terms, and probably of heterogeneous terms generally. Consequently, these studies identified color categories that were shown to extend over hue and value ranges, but without providing any information about the way categories behave along the dimension of chroma. Thus, while the participants in the aforementioned studies were presented with color chips systematically varying across several hues and value levels, they were only presented with one high chroma level for each hue and value combination. Importantly, each of the chromatic chips is at maximum chroma (referring to saturation in Munsell notation 2) for its hue–value combination. The best known studies- Berlin and Kay’s (1969) study and work building on it-relied on the 330 color chips shown in Figure 1, which consist of 320 chromatic chips, covering 40 hues, each at 8 value levels (in Munsell terminology, value refers to the brightness of a color), and of an additional 10 achromatic chips, varying from black to white through various shades of gray. Most color-naming studies conducted in the past century have used the Munsell system ( Munsell, 1941). These observations result partly from color-naming studies. The apparently preferred color expressions have come to be known as “basic color terms” (or BCTs, for short). For example, in contemporary English, we tend to refer to the color of objects using terms like black, white, red, blue, green, yellow, brown, pink, orange, purple, gray more often than we use terms like tan, peach, or violet ( Lindsey & Brown, 2014 Sturges & Whitfield, 1995). We name colorful objects on a daily basis yet, it seems we tend to use mostly a subset of a vast number of available color expressions.
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